Q1.
The diagram shows a human heart.
 
(a)  Which blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs?
Tick (✓) one box.
 
A		B		C		D		
(1)
(b)  The natural resting heart rate is controlled by a group of cells that act as a pacemaker.
Where in the heart are ‘pacemaker cells’ found?
Tick (✓) one box.
 
Left atrium		
Left ventricle		
Right atrium		
Right ventricle		
(1)
Some people may be treated with a drug to slow their heart rate.
(c)  Digitalis is a drug that slows the heart rate.
Where does the drug digitalis originate from?
Tick (✓) one box.
 
Bacteria		
Foxgloves		
Mould		
Willow		
(1)
Beta blockers are another type of drug that slows the heart rate.
The table shows information for people who do not take beta blockers and for people who do take beta blockers.
•   Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped out of the heart each time it beats.
•   Cardiac output is the total volume of blood pumped out of the heart each minute.
 
 	No beta blockers taken	Taking beta blockers	
	At rest	During exercise	At rest	During exercise	
Heart rate in beats per minute	68	150	52	88	
Stroke volume in cm3	80	120	X	98	
Cardiac output in cm3 per minute	5440	18 000	2800	8624	
(d)  Calculate stroke volume X in the table above.
Use the equation:
cardiac output = stroke volume × heart rate
Give your answer to 2 significant figures.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Stroke volume X = ____________________ cm3
(3)
(e)  Some people who take beta blockers get out of breath when they exercise.
Explain why beta blockers can have this effect during exercise.
You should refer to information given in the table in part (d).
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 12 marks)
Q2.
Gas exchange takes place in the lungs.
The diagram shows an alveolus next to a blood capillary in a lung.
The arrows show the movement of two gases, A and B.
 
(a)     (i)      Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.
 
Gases A and B move by	diffusion.
osmosis.
respiration.	
(1)
(ii)     Gas A moves from the blood to the air in the lungs.
Gas A is then breathed out.
Name Gas A.
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(iii)    Which cells in the blood carry Gas B?
Draw a ring around the correct answer.
platelets                red blood cells                white blood cells
(1)
(b)     The average number of alveoli in each human lung is 280 million.
The average surface area of 1 million alveoli is 0.25 m2.
Calculate the total surface area of a human lung.
___________________________________________________________________
Answer ___________________________________ m2
(2)
(c)     An athlete trains to run a marathon. The surface area of each of the athlete’s lungs has increased to 80 m2.
Give one way in which this increase will help the athlete.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Q3.
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a non-communicable disease.
CHD is caused when fatty material builds up in the coronary arteries.
(a)  Explain what a non-communicable disease is.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
The diagram below shows a coronary artery of someone with CHD.
 
(b)  Explain how CHD can cause a heart attack.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(c)  Explain how lifestyle and medical risk factors increase the chance of developing CHD.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 11 marks)
Q4.
The graph shows the rate of blood flow through different organs at rest and during exercise.

(a)     Determine the total volume of blood that flows through the brain in 1 hour.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Volume = ____________________ cm3
(1)
(b)     Look at the blood flow through the skeletal muscle.
Calculate how many times the blood flow increases by during exercise compared to at rest.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Answer = ____________________ 
(2)
(c)     Explain why the blood flow to the skeletal muscles increases during exercise.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(d)     Arteries and veins have different structures and different functions.
Explain how the different structure of arteries and veins relates to their different functions.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 12 marks)
Q5.
An athlete ran as fast as he could until he was exhausted.
(a)     Figure 1 shows the concentrations of glucose and of lactic acid in the athlete’s blood at the start and at the end of the run.
 
(i)      Lactic acid is made during anaerobic respiration.
What does anaerobic mean?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii)     Give evidence from Figure 1 that the athlete respired anaerobically during the run.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(b)     Figure 2 shows the effect of running on the rate of blood flow through the athlete’s muscles.

(i)      For how many minutes did the athlete run?
Time = ______________________ minutes
(1)
(ii)     Describe what happens to the rate of blood flow through the athlete’s muscles during the run.
Use data from Figure 2 in your answer.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(iii)     Explain how the change in blood flow to the athlete’s muscles helps him to run.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 9 marks)
Q6.
Describe how to test a sample of food for protein, starch and sugar.
Give the colours that would be seen if the food sample contained protein, starch and sugar.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(Total 6 marks)
Q7.
This question is about digestion.
(a)  Name the enzyme that digests starch in the human digestive system.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
A student set up a model to represent the digestion and absorption of food molecules in the digestive system.
The diagram shows the student’s model.
 
This is the method used.
1. Fill a test tube with water at 37 °C
2. Test the water for starch and for sugar.
3. Mix together starch and enzyme solution and immediately test it for starch and for sugar.
4. Fill some partially permeable tubing with the starch and enzyme mixture.
5. Seal the tubing and place it in the test tube of water.
6. Place the test tube in a water bath at 37 °C
7. After 30 minutes, test the mixture inside the partially permeable tubing and test the water in the test tube for starch and for sugar.
(b)  Suggest which parts of the body the partially permeable tubing and the water in the test tube represent.
Partially permeable tubing ____________________________________________
Water in the test tube ________________________________________________
(2)
The table below shows the results.
 
Test	Description of liquid	Result of starch test	Result of sugar test	
1	Mixture inside tubing at start	✓	✘	
2	Water in the test tube at start	✘	✘	
3	Mixture inside tubing after 30 minutes	✓	✓	
4	Water in the test tube after 30 minutes	✘	✓	
Key
✓ = Present
✘ = Not present
(c)  Name the reagents used to test for starch and for sugar.
Starch _____________________________________________________________
Sugar _____________________________________________________________
(2)
(d)  Why was there no sugar present in test 1?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(e)  Explain the results for test 3.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(f)   Explain the results for test 4.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
Q8.
Starch is digested to form sugar molecules in the digestive system.
(a)     What is the name of the enzyme that digests starch?
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(b)     Where are most food molecules absorbed?
Tick (✓) one box.
 
Large intestine		
Liver		
Small intestine		
Stomach		
(1)
Figure 1 shows two villi.
Figure 1 also shows one cell on the surface of a villus as seen using an electron microscope.
Figure 1

(c)     Give one advantage of using an electron microscope compared with using a light microscope.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(d)     What type of blood vessel is labelled X?
Tick (✓) one box.
 
Artery		
Capillary		
Vein		
(1)
(e)     The real length of one villus is 0.8 mm
Calculate the image length if the villus is viewed at a magnification of ×20
Use the equation:

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Image length = _______________ mm
(3)
Figure 2 shows two cells from the surface of a villus.
There are sugar molecules inside and next to each cell.
Figure 2

(f)      Name the process by which sugar moves into cell A.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(g)     Name the process by which sugar moves into cell B.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(h)     Give one use of sugar in the body.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(i)      Figure 1 is repeated below.
Figure 1

Explain how villi are adapted for efficient absorption of sugar molecules.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 14 marks)
Q9.
The diagram below shows a cross-section of a plant root. The transport tissues are labelled.
 
(a)     (i)      What is tissue A?
Draw a ring around the correct answer.
cuticle                epidermis                xylem
(1)
(ii)     Name two substances transported by tissue A.
1. ____________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
(2)
(b)     Phloem is involved in a process called translocation.
(i)      What is translocation?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii)     Explain why translocation is important to plants.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(c)     Plants must use active transport to move some substances from the soil into root hair cells.
(i)      Active transport needs energy.
Which part of the cell releases most of this energy?
Tick (✓) one box.
 
mitochondria		
nucleus		
ribosome		
(1)
(ii)     Explain why active transport is necessary in root hair cells.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Q10.
The image below shows some cells on the lower surface of a leaf.
 
© Stefan Diller/Science Photo Library
(a)     What are the cells labelled X called?
Draw a ring around the correct answer.
guard cells                palisade cells                mesophyll cells
(1)
(b)     Water loss by evaporation from leaves is called transpiration.
A student set up an experiment to investigate water loss from leaves.
The student:
•        took two leaves, A and B, from a plant
•        put Vaseline (grease) on both sides of Leaf B; did nothing to Leaf A
•        wrote down the mass of each leaf
•        attached the leaves onto a string as shown in the diagram below.
 
Leaf A
(no treatment)	Leaf B
(both surfaces covered in Vaseline)	
•        left the leaves for 48 hours
•        wrote down the mass of each leaf again
•        calculated the percentage (%) change in mass for each leaf.
(i)      Give one variable that the student controlled in this investigation.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii)     The mass of Leaf A was 1.60 g at the start of the investigation. After 48 hours it was 1.28 g.
Calculate the % decrease in mass over 48 hours.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
% decrease = __________________
(2)
(c)     Vaseline blocks the stomata.
The % change in mass of Leaf B was less than Leaf A after 48 hours.
Explain why.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(d)     Give three environmental conditions that would increase transpiration.
1. _________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
3 _________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
Q11.
A potometer is a piece of apparatus that can be used to measure water uptake by a leafy shoot.
Figure 1 shows a potometer.
Figure 1
 
Some students used a potometer like the one shown in Figure 1.
•        They measured the water taken up by a shoot in normal conditions in a classroom.
•        As the water was taken up by the shoot, the level of water in the capillary tube went down.
•        The students recorded the level of the water in the capillary tube at 2-minute intervals for 10 minutes.
Table 1 shows the students’ results.
Table 1
 
Time in minutes	0	2	4	6	8	10	
Level of water (on scale) in
capillary tube in mm	2.5	3.6	4.4	5.4	6.5	7.5	
The area of the cross section of the capillary tube was 0.8 mm2.
(a)     (i)      Complete the following calculation to find the volume of water taken up by the shoot in mm3 per minute.
Distance water moved along the scale in 10 minutes = ______ mm
Volume of water taken up by the shoot in 10 minutes = ______ mm3
Therefore, volume of water taken up by the shoot in 1 minute = ______ mm3
(3)
(ii)     The students repeated the investigation but this time placed the potometer next to a fan blowing air over the leafy shoot.
Suggest how the results would be different. Give a reason for your answer.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(b)     The students repeated the investigation at different temperatures.
The results are shown in Table 2.
Table 2
 
Temperature
in °C	Rate of water uptake
in mm3 per minute	
10	0   	
15	0.4	
20	1.0	
25	2.1	
30	3.2	
35	4.0	
40	4.4	
Plot the data from Table 2 on the graph paper in Figure 2.
Choose suitable scales, label both axes and draw a line of best fit.
Figure 2
 
(5)
(c)     What would happen to the leaves if the potometer was left for a longer time at 40 °C?
Explain your answer.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 13 marks)

Mark schemes
Q1.
(a)  B
1
(b)  right atrium
1
(c)  foxgloves
1
(d)  X = 2800 / 52
1
53.846153
1
54 (cm3)
an answer of 54 (cm3) scores 3 marks
allow correct rounding of an incorrectly calculated value of stroke volume
1
(e)  Level 3: Relevant points (reasons / causes) are identified, given in detail and logically linked to form a clear account.
5−6
Level 2: Relevant points (reasons / causes) are identified, and there are attempts at logical linking. The resulting account is not fully clear.
3−4
Level 1: Points are identified and stated simply, but their relevance is not clear and there is no attempt at logical linking.
1−2
No relevant content
0
Indicative content
effect of exercise
•   during exercise body needs to transfer (more) energy
•   energy transferred during respiration
•   rate of respiration increases during exercise
•   (so) more oxygen is needed
effect of beta blockers
•   beta blockers reduce (the increase in) heart rate (during exercise)
•   beta blockers reduce stroke volume (or described)
•   beta blockers reduce cardiac output
•   (so) heart cannot supply oxygen fast enough / in sufficient quantity to muscle cells
effect on breathing rate
•   breathing rate increases to increase rate / amount of oxygen absorbed
•   breathing rate increases to increase rate / amount of carbon dioxide removed from body
•   (but) increased breathing rate cannot fully compensate for changes in heart function
A level 3 response should make links between all three sections of indicative content
A level 2 response should attempt to link effect of exercise with oxygen / energy requirement and beta blockers to effect on heart function.
[12]
Q2.
(a)     (i)      diffusion
1
(ii)     carbon dioxide
accept CO2 / CO2
do not accept CO2
1
(iii)    red blood cells
1
(b)     70
if no / incorrect answer then
70 000 000
or
280 x 0.25 gains 1 mark
ignore doubling the answer
2
(c)     allows more gas / oxygen / CO2
(exchange)
do not accept air
1
[6]
Q3.
(a)  is not caused by a pathogen / infective organism
allow not caused by a microorganism / microbe
ignore not caused by infection
ignore named pathogen unless bacteria, virus and fungus all mentioned
1
(so) is not passed / spread (from person to person)
allow cannot be spread / caught
allow is not infectious / contagious
1
(b)  reduced / restricted / stopped blood flow
it does not matter where blood flow is restricted to − heart / body
1
(so) less oxygen reaches heart (muscle / cells)
must reference heart / it
allow no oxygen reaches the heart (muscle / cells)
1
(so heart muscle / cells) cannot respire (enough)
or
(so heart muscle / cells) do not release (enough) energy
do not accept do not make / produce / create energy
ignore references to breathing / suffocation
ignore blood clots / blockages
1
allow ‘it’ for heart
(c)  Level 3: Relevant points (factors / effects) are identified, given in detail and logically linked to form a clear account.
5−6
Level 2: Relevant points (factors / effects) are identified and there are attempts at logical linking. The resulting account is not fully clear.
3−4
Level 1: Points are identified and stated simply, but their relevance is not clear and there is no attempt at logical linking.
1−2
No relevant content
0
Indicative content
medical risk factors:
•   high blood pressure
•   high cholesterol
•   diabetes
•   genetic factors
•   medications
lifestyle risk factors:
•   smoking
•   obesity
•   lack of exercise
•   high fat / energy diet
•   eating insufficient fruit / vegetables
•   alcohol
•   high salt intake
•   exposure to air pollution
•   certain drugs / correct named drug
examples of links:
•   smoking − high bp / cholesterol / fatty deposition
•   obesity − lack of exercise / high bp / cholesterol / fatty deposition / diabetes
•   exercise − obesity / bp /diabetes
•   diet − obesity / cholesterol / diabetes
•   alcohol − bp / cholesterol
•   high salt intake − high blood pressure
•   genetic factors − bp / cholesterol / diabetes / obesity
•   medication − can affect blood / blood vessels / metabolism
the main discriminator is the quality of linking
both lifestyle and medical factors are required for level 3
[11]
Q4.
(a)     36 000 (cm3)
1
(b)     11600 / 1200
1
9.66666r
allow any number of decimals
1
(c)     muscles need more energy (for contraction)
1
(so) more oxygen / glucose needed
need at least one reference to ‘more’ for full marks
allow so more carbon dioxide / thermal energy needs to be removed
1
(for) increased respiration
1
(d)     
Level 3: Relevant points (differences / functions) are identified, given in detail and linked logically to form a clear account.	5-6	
Level 2: Relevant points (differences / functions) are identified and there are attempts at logical linking. The resulting account is not fully clear.	3-4	
Level 1: Points are identified and stated simply, but their relevance is not clear and there is no attempt at logical linking.	1-2	
No relevant content	0	
Indicative content
•   artery has a thicker wall
•   (because) artery has to withstand higher pressure
•   artery has thicker layer of elastic tissue / fibres
•   (so) it can stretch
•   (so) artery returns to original size / shape
•   artery has thicker layer of muscle
•   to maintain a force on the blood
•   vein has valves
•   (valves) prevent backflow of blood
•   artery carries blood away from the heart
•   vein carries blood towards the heart
ignore references to oxygenated / deoxygenated blood	 	
6
[12]
Q5.
(a)     (i)    without oxygen
allow not enough oxygen
ignore air
ignore production of CO2
ignore energy
1
(ii)     more / high / increased lactic acid (at end)
allow approximate figures (to show increase)
ignore reference to glucose
1
(b)     (i)      1.5
allow only 1.5 / 1½ / one and a half
1
(ii)     increases at first and levels off
ignore subsequent decrease
1
suitable use of numbers eg
rises to 10 / by 9 (dm3 per min)
or
increases up to 1.5 (min) / levels off after 1.5 (min) (of x axis timescale)
allow answer in range 1.4 to 1.5
or
after the first minute (of the run)
1
(iii)     supplies (more) oxygen
1
supplies (more) glucose
1
need ‘more/faster’ once only for full marks
allow removes (more) CO2 / lactic acid / heat as an alternative for either marking point one or two, once only
for (more) respiration
1
releases (more) energy (for muscle contraction)
do not allow energy production or for respiration
1
[9]
Q6.
Level 3: The method would lead to the production of a valid outcome. All key steps are identified and logically sequenced.
5−6
Level 2: The method would not necessarily lead to a valid outcome. Most steps are identified, but the method is not fully logically sequenced.
3−4
Level 1: The method would not lead to a valid outcome. Some relevant steps are identified, but links are not made clear.
1−2
No relevant content
0
Indicative content
Protein
•   grind up food
•   add Biuret (reagent / solution)
or
add copper sulfate (solution) and sodium hydroxide (solution)
or
add Biuret 1 and Biuret 2
•   turns purple / lilac
Starch
•   add iodine (solution)
•   turns black / blue-black / dark blue
- ignore blue / purple
Sugar
•   grind up food
•   mix with water
•   add Benedict’s (reagent / solution)
•   heat mixture (≥ 65 °C)
•   in a water bath
•   turns (brick) red / orange / brown / green / yellow
For Level 3 correct references to all three tests are needed.
[6]
Q7.
(a)  amylase
allow phonetic spelling
allow carbohydrase
ignore references to source of enzyme e.g. salivary / pancreatic
do not accept amylose
1
(b)  (partially permeable tubing) small intestine
allow stomach
ignore intestine unqualified
do not accept large intestine
1
(water in test tube) blood
allow plasma
1
(c)  (Starch): Iodine (solution)
ignore iodide unqualified
1
(Sugar): Benedict’s (solution)
all allow phonetic spelling
1
(d)  enzyme had not started to work
or
none of the starch had been digested / broken down
1
(e)  (enzyme) digested / broke down starch to form sugar
1
(however) not all the starch was digested / broken down
1
(f)   sugar molecules formed are small enough to pass through tubing
1
(but) starch molecules too large (to pass through tubing)
1
[10]
Q8.
(a)  amylase
allow phonetic spelling
allow carbohydrase
do not accept amylose
1
(b)  small intestine
1
(c)  any one from:
•   greater magnification
•   higher resolving power
allow can see (smaller) sub-cellular structures / parts
allow can see more detail (inside cells)
allow reference to 3-D images
1
(d)  capillary
1
(e)
20 = 
1
image length = 0.8 x 20
1
image length = 16 (mm)
1
(f)  diffusion
1
(g)  active transport
allow active uptake
1
(h)  any one from:
•   respiration
allow as an energy source
do not accept to make / use / create / produce energy
•   to form glycogen
•   to make amino acids / proteins
allow to make lipid / fat
1
(i)   Level 2: Relevant points (reasons/causes) are identified, given in detail and logically linked to form a clear account.
3−4
Level 1: Points are identified and stated simply, but their relevance is not clear and there is no attempt at logical linking.
1−2
No relevant content
0
Indicative content
•   have (many) microvilli
•   (to) increase surface area
•   wall of villus only one cell thick or is thin
•   capillaries are close to surface
•   (so) short pathway
•   good blood supply
•   (to) transport food molecules away or to the body
•   (and) maintain a diffusion gradient
•   cells have many mitochondria
•   (where) respiration takes place
•   (where) energy is transferred
•   (as) active transport requires energy
•   energy is needed to absorb sugar / food / molecules
For Level 2 must make links between structure and it's function
[14]
Q9.
(a)     (i)      xylem
1
(ii)     water
1
minerals / ions / named example(s)
ignore nutrients
1
(b)     (i)      movement of (dissolved) sugar
allow additional substances, eg amino acids / correct named sugar (allow sucrose / glucose)
allow nutrients / substances / food molecules if sufficiently qualified
ignore food alone
1
(ii)     sugars are made in the leaves
1
so they need to be moved to other parts of the plant for respiration / growth / storage
1
(c)     (i)      mitochondria
1
(ii)     for movement of minerals / ions
Do not accept ‘water’
1
against their concentration gradient
1
[9]
Q10.
(a)     guard cells
1
(b)     (i)      any one from:
•        species / plant
•        length of time
ignore temperature and size of leaves
1
(ii)     20
correct answer = 2 marks
accept 
or          
 
for 1 mark
2
(c)     less water loss / transpiration / evaporation
1
(d)     hot
1
ignore bright / sunny conditions
dry / low humidity
1
wind(y)
1
[8]
Q11.
(a)     (i)      5.0
1
(5 × 0.8) or 4
allow ecf from distance
1
0.4
allow ecf from 10-min volume
1
(ii)     increased (rate of uptake)
1
more transpiration / evaporation
1
(b)     correct scales
allow reversed axes
1
correctly labelled axes with units
1
correct points
one plot error = max 1 mark
2
curved line of best fit
allow correct straight line
1
(c)     leaves wilt
1
because plants lose too much water (by evaporation)
1
through the stomata
or
because cells become plamolysed
or
stomata close
controlled by guard cells
to prevent wilting
1
[13]