Q1.
Cells are the building blocks of life.
(a)  Draw one line from each type of organism to the diagram of one of its cells.
 
Type of organism	 	Diagram of one cell	

Animal	 	 	
 	 		
Bacterium	 	 	
 	 		
Plant	 	 	
 	 		
(3)
(b)  Cells contain structures. These structures have different functions.
Draw one line from each function to the correct structure.
 
Function	 	Structure	
 	
 	 	Cell membrane	
Contains genetic information	 	 	
 	 	Cell wall	
Controls what enters and leaves a cell	 	 	
 	 	Chloroplast	
Where photosynthesis happens	 	 	
 	 	Nucleus	
(3)
(c)  Chemicals are produced in cells.
Complete the sentences.
Choose answers from the box.
 
cellulose	DNA	glycogen	starch	urea	
A chemical excreted by animals is ____________________.
A chemical stored in animal cells is____________________.
A chemical stored in plant cells is ____________________.
A chemical that strengthens plant cell walls is ____________________.
(4)
The figure below shows a diagram of muscle cells.

(d)  Give one function of muscle cells.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(e)  Explain how muscle cells are adapted for their function.
Use the figure above.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(f)   One muscle cell was 0.05 mm wide.
When viewed using a microscope the image of the muscle cell was 2 mm wide.
Calculate the magnification used to view the cell.
Use the equation:

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Magnification = × _______________
(2)
(Total 15 marks)

Q2.
A single-celled organism has a large surface area to volume ratio.
(a)  How does oxygen enter a single-celled organism?
Tick (✓) one box.
 
Active transport		
Diffusion		
Osmosis		
(1)
Figure 1 shows two cubes.
The surface area to volume ratio for cube A is 6:1
Figure 1
 
(b)  Calculate the surface area to volume ratio of cube B.
Surface area of one face of cube B  ______________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Surface area of one face = __________________
Total surface area of cube B  ___________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Total surface area = __________________
Volume of cube B  ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Volume = ____________________
Surface area to volume ratio = ________________ : ________________
(4)
Multicellular organisms have exchange surfaces to absorb substances.
Figure 2 shows part of the exchange surface in the lungs.
Figure 2
 
(c)  Oxygen passes from the alveolus into the blood.
Name the part of the blood that carries the most oxygen.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(d)  Name the gas that passes out of the blood into the alveolus.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(e)  Alveoli provide a large surface area for gas exchange.
Give two other ways the lungs are adapted for efficient gas exchange.
1  _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2  _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Q3.
This question is about organisation in living organisms.
(a)  Write the biological structures from the box in the correct size order.
 
cell	nucleus	organ	tissue	
 
(3)
(b)  Name one animal organ.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(c)  Which is a plant tissue?
Tick (✓) one box.
 
Flower		
Leaf		
Phloem		
Root		
(1)

Figure 1 shows part of a root viewed using a microscope.
Figure 1
 
(d)  Explain how a root hair cell is specialised for its function.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Figure 2 shows a microscope.
Figure 2
 
(e)  It is easier to view the cells using the low power objective lens first.
Give one reason why.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(f)   To focus the image the objective lens should be moved away from the stage.
Give one reason why the objective lens should not be moved towards the stage.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(g)  The image of the prepared slide in Figure 2 is viewed with the ×10 objective lens.
The total magnification is ×50
What was the power of the eyepiece lens used?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Power of eyepiece lens = × ______________________
(1)
(h)  Root hair cells do not contain chloroplasts.
Suggest one reason why.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 11 marks)
Q4.
Cells divide in a series of stages called the cell cycle.
Stage 2 of the cycle is mitosis.
The diagram below shows a simplified cell cycle for a human body cell.
 
(a)  Draw one line from each stage in the cell cycle to what happens during that stage.
 
Stage in the cell cycle	 	What happens during that stage	
 	
Stage 1	 	Nucleus divides	
 	
Stage 2	 	Cell divides into two	
 	
Stage 3	 	Copies of the DNA are made	
(2)

(b)  The mass of DNA in a human body cell at the start of the cell cycle is 6 picograms.
What mass of DNA will be in each of the new cells produced by this cell division?
Tick one box.
 
3 picograms		
6 picograms		
9 picograms		
12 picograms		
(1)
(c)  Stem cells are undifferentiated cells.
Which statement about stem cells is correct?
Tick one box.
 
Animal stem cells are found in meristems		
Animal stem cells divide by meiosis		
Meristem cells in plants can differentiate throughout the life of the plant		
Meristem cells in plants can only differentiate into one type of cell		
(1)
Stem cells from human embryos can differentiate into most types of human cell.
Research is being done into the use of embryonic stem cells in medical treatments.
The long-term effects of using embryonic stem cells in patients are not well understood.
In therapeutic cloning, human embryos are produced using a donated human egg cell and a cell from the patient.
•   The embryo produced contains the same genetic information as the patient.
•   Stem cells are taken from the embryo and stimulated to divide to form cells the patient needs.
•   The embryo is then destroyed.
(d)  Suggest two advantages of therapeutic cloning.
1. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(e)  Suggest two disadvantages of therapeutic cloning.
1. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q5.
Substances can move into and out of cells.
(a)     (i)      How does oxygen move into and out of cells?
Draw a ring around one answer.
 
diffusion	digestion	photosynthesis	
(1)
(ii)     Diagram 1 shows the percentage concentration of oxygen in three cells, A, B and C.
Diagram 1
 
Oxygen can move from cell to cell. 
Into which cell, A, B or C, will oxygen move the fastest?   
(1)
(b)     (i)      How does water move into and out of cells?
Draw a ring around one answer.
 
breathing	osmosis	respiration	
(1)
(ii)     Differences in the concentration of sugars in cells cause water to move into or out of cells at different rates.
Diagram 2 shows three different cells, P, Q and R.
The information shows the percentage concentration of sugar solution
in cells P, Q and R.
Diagram 2
 
Water can move from cell to cell.
Into which cell, P, Q or R, will water move the fastest?    
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
Q6.
Figure 1 shows an animal cell.
Figure 1
 
© alex-mit/iStock/Thinkstock
(a)     What is structure A?
Tick one box.
 
Cell membrane		
Cell wall		
Chromosome		
Cytoplasm		
(1)
(b)     What is structure B?
Tick one box.
 
Chloroplast		
Mitochondria		
Nucleus		
Vacuole		
(1)
(c)     Figure 2 shows a sperm cell.
Figure 2
 
Describe how a sperm cell is adapted to carry out its function.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(d)     Substances can move into and out of cells by three processes.
The diagrams show the concentration of different substances inside and outside a root hair cell.
How would each substance move into the root hair cell?
Draw one line from each root hair cell to the correct process.
        Root hair cell                                                          Process
 
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q7.
The diagrams show four types of cell, A, B, C and D.
Two of the cells are plant cells and two are animal cells.

(a)     (i)      Which two of the cells are plant cells?
Tick () one box.
 
A and B	 	
A and D	 	
C and D	 	
(1)
(ii)     Give one reason for your answer.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(b)     (i)      Which cell, A, B, C or D, is adapted for swimming?     
(1)
(ii)     Which cell, A, B, C or D, can produce glucose by photosynthesis?     
(1)
(c)     Cells A, B, C and D all use oxygen.
For what process do cells use oxygen?
Draw a ring around one answer.
 
osmosis	photosynthesis	respiration	
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Q8.
Living organisms are made of cells.
(a)     Animal and plant cells have several parts. Each part has a different function.
Draw one line from each cell part to the correct function of that part.
 
(3)
(b)     The diagram below shows a cell from a plant leaf.
 
Which two parts in the diagram above are not found in an animal cell?
1. _________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q9.
The diagram shows a cell.
 
(a)     (i)      Use words from the box to name the structures labelled A and B .

	cell membrane	chloroplast	cytoplasm	nucleus	
A ___________________________
B ___________________________
(2)
(ii)     The cell in the diagram is an animal cell.
How can you tell it is an animal cell and not a plant cell?
Give two reasons.
1. ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(b)     Oxygen will diffuse into the cell in the diagram.
Why?
Use information from the diagram.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(c)     The cell shown in the diagram is usually found with similar cells.
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.

	 	an organ.	
 
	Scientists call a group of similar cells	a system.	
 
	 	a tissue.	
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Q10.
Substances can move into cells and out of cells.
(a)     Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.
 
 	active transport.	
Water moves into cells and out of cells by	osmosis.	
 	reabsorption.	
 
 	freely permeable	 	
The water moves through a	non-permeable	membrane.	
 	partially permeable	 	
(2)
(b)     Students put plant cells into two different strengths of sugar solutions, A and B.
The diagram below shows what the cells looked like after 1 hour.
 
Cell in
sugar solution A
(after 1 hour)	 	Cell in
sugar solution B
(after 1 hour)	
(i)      Describe two ways in which the cell in sugar solution B is different from the cell in sugar solution A.
1. ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(ii)     A student put red blood cells into water.
Suggest what would happen to the cells.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(c)     In the human body, glucose is absorbed into the blood from the small intestine.
The small intestine contains many villi.
Which two of the following help the absorption of glucose in the small intestine?
Tick () two boxes.
Villi have a cell wall.		
Villi are covered in thick mucus.		
Villi give the small intestine a large surface area.		
Villi have many blood capillaries.		
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Mark schemes
Q1.
(a)
 
do not accept more than one line from a box on the left
1
1
1
(b)
 
do not accept more than one line from a box on the left
1
1
1
(c)  urea
must be in this order
1
glycogen
1
starch
1
cellulose
1
(d)  any one from:
•   (to cause) movement
•   to contract / shorten
allow example of movement
ignore to relax / expand
ignore references to strength / energy / power
1
(e)  (many) mitochondria
1
to transfer / release (a lot of) energy
allow (mitochondria) for respiration
do not accept to produce / make / create energy
ignore reference to the shape / strength of the cells
1
(f)  
1
(×) 40
do not accept if a unit is given
1
[15]
Q2.
(a)  diffusion
1
(b)  (SA of one face = 2 × 2) =4
ignore units
1
(Total SA = 4 × 6) = 24
allow correct calculation using their calculated SA of 1 face × 6
1
(Volume = 2 × 2 × 2) =8
(SA:volume ratio =) 24:8 or 3:1
ratio must be consistent with their figures
1
(c)  red (blood) cell(s)
allow erythrocyte(s)
1
(d)  carbon dioxide
name takes precedence
allow CO2
gnore CO2 / CO2
ignore water (vapour)
1
(e)
ignore large surface area
ignore many alveoli
ignore moist lining
any two from:
•   wall of alveolus (only) one cell thick
•   wall of capillary (only) one cell thick
•   cells of alveolus / capillary wall are flattened / thin
•   good blood supply
if none of these mentioned
allow 1 mark for idea of short
distance between (air in)
alveolus and blood
•   (well) ventilated
2
[9]
Q3.
(a)  nucleus
cell
tissue
organ
all in correct order
allow 1 mark for each consecutive pair of structures
3
(b)  any one from:
•   bladder
•   brain
•   heart
•   (small or large) intestine
•   kidney
•   liver
•   lung
•   pancreas
•   skin
•   stomach
allow any organ found in an animal
ignore blood
1
(c)  phloem
1
(d)  large surface area
allow long
(so) it can absorb (a lot of) water / minerals / (mineral) ions
allow long
1
allow 1 mark for (many) mitochondria
allow for 2 marks (many) mitochondria for active transport
1
(e)  any one from:
•   biggest / widest field of view
•   easier to focus
1
(f)   to avoid damage to lens / slide
ignore references to focussing
1
(g)  (×)5
allow are underground
1
(h)  any one from:
(root hair cells)
•   are not exposed to light
•   do not photosynthesise
allow are underground
1
[11]
Q4.
(a)
 
allow 1 mark for 1 or 2 correct
credit can be given where students have matched the boxes correctly, for example numbering the boxes
2
(b)  6 picograms
1
(c)  meristem cells in plants can differentiate throughout the life of the plant
1
(d)  any two from:
•   may cure / treat diseases
    or
    cure medical conditions
    or
    produce replacement cells / tissues / organs
allow example e.g. diabetes / paralysis
allow cells can be stored for future use
ignore used in medical treatments
ignore patient makes / grows cells / tissues / organs
•   cells unlikely to be rejected by patient)
ignore same genetic information
•   cells / tissues of any type can be produced
ignore differentiated into most types of cells
•   many cells produced
•   cells produced could be used for research
•   would reduce waiting time for transplants
2
ignore references to cost
ignore all reference to producing babies / IVF
(e)  any two from:
•   (potential) life is killed / destroyed
allow embryo is killed
ignore embryo is destroyed
ignore embryo is a life / becomes a baby
•   shortage of donors / eggs
•   egg donation / collection has risks
•   do not yet know risks / side effects of the procedure on the patient
ignore long term effects are not well understood
allow may cause tumours / cancer
•   may transfer (viral) infection
•   poor success rate
allow in terms of viable egg / embryo / cell / tissue / organ production
2
ignore references to cost
ignore unethical unqualified
Ignore reference to religion / beliefs
[8]
Q5.
(a)     (i)      diffusion
apply list principle
1
(ii)     A
apply list principle
1
(b)    (i)      osmosis
apply list principle
1
(ii)     R
apply list principle
1
[4]
Q6.
(a)     cell membrane
extra boxes ticked negates mark
1
(b)     nucleus
extra boxes ticked negates mark
1
(c)     has a tail so it can swim (to an egg)
accept has many mitochondria to release energy to swim
1
(d)     
 
all three correct for 2 marks
one or two correct for 1 mark
2
[5]
Q7.
(a)     (i)      C and D
no mark if more than one box is ticked
1
(ii)     any one from:
do not allow if other cell parts are given in a list
•        (have) cell wall(s)
•        (have) vacuole(s)
1
(b)     (i)      A
apply list principle
1
(ii)     D
apply list principle
1
(c)     respiration
apply list principle
1
[5]
Q8.
(a)    
extra lines cancel
3
(b)     Cell wall
in either order
1
Chloroplast
allow (permanent) vacuole
1
[5]
Q9.
(a)     (i)      A = nucleus
1
B = (cell) membrane
1
(ii)     any two from:
ignore shape
•        no (cell) wall
•        no (large / permanent) vacuole
•        no chloroplasts / chlorophyll
2
(b)     because high to low oxygen / concentration or down gradient
allow ‘more / a lot of oxygen molecules outside’
ignore along / across gradient
1
(c)     a tissue
1
[6]
Q10.
(a)     osmosis
1
partially permeable
1
(b)     (i)      any two from:
allow correct answers in terms of A
•        vacuole is small(er)
•        cytoplasm has shrunk
allow cytoplasm is smaller
•        gap between cytoplasm and cell wall
•        cell wall curves inwards
allow cell B is flaccid or cell A is turgid
•        the (cell) membrane has moved away from the wall
2
(ii)     any one from:
•        water will move / diffuse in
•        (cells) will swell
•        (cells) will burst
ignore turgid
1
(c)     villi give the small intestines a large surface area
1
villi have many blood capillaries
1
[7]