Q1.
Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections.
(a)  Which substance is used as an antibiotic?
Tick (✓) one box.
 
Aspirin		
Digitalis		
Penicillin		
(1)
Gonorrhoea and chlamydia are two sexually transmitted infections.
Gonorrhoea and chlamydia infections can be treated with antibiotics.
(b)  Give one symptom of gonorrhoea.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
A scientist investigated which antibiotics were most effective at treating gonorrhoea and chlamydia.
This is the method used.
1.   Grow gonorrhoea bacteria in a Petri dish.
2.   Prepare four different antibiotic solutions, A, B, C and D, of the same concentration.
3.   Cut four filter paper discs to the same size.
4.   Soak each paper disc in a different antibiotic solution.
5.   Put the four paper discs into the Petri dish.
6.   Repeat steps 3 to 5 using a Petri dish with chlamydia bacteria growing in it.
7.   Keep both Petri dishes at 25 °C for 3 days.
(c)  Give two control variables used in this investigation.
1  _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2  _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
The figure below shows the results.
A clear area around a paper disc is where the antibiotic has killed the bacteria.

(d)  Which antibiotic did not kill either type of bacterium?
Tick (✓) one box.
 
A		B		C		D		
(1)
(e)  Which antibiotic would be the most effective to treat a person with a gonorrhoea infection?
Tick (✓) one box.
 
A		B		C		D		
(1)
(f)   Which antibiotic would be the most effective to treat a person who had both gonorrhoea and chlamydia infections?
Tick (✓) one box.
 
A		B		C		D		
(1)
(g)  Antibiotics cannot be used to treat HIV infections.
Suggest one reason why.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
Fungi can cause an infection of the fingernails and toenails.
Fungal nail infections can spread from one person to another person.
(h)  Some people go to nail salons to have their nails shaped and painted.
Suggest one way workers in nail salons can reduce the risk of infections being spread.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(i)  Suggest one reason why fungal infection of toenails is more common than fungal infection of fingernails.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 10 marks)
Q2.
Pathogens cause infectious diseases.
(a)     Draw one line from each disease to the type of pathogen that causes the disease.
 
Disease	 	Type of pathogen	
 	
 	 	Bacterium	
Gonorrhoea	 	 	
 	 	Fungus	
 	 	 	
 	 	Protist	
Measles	 	 	
 	 	Virus	
(2)
The body defends itself against pathogens in different ways.
(b)     Give two ways that the body prevents pathogens entering the body.
1. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(c)     If pathogens do enter the body the immune system tries to destroy the pathogens.
Describe how the immune system defends the body against disease.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(6)
(d)     Give one reason why antibiotics cannot be used to treat HIV infections.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(e)     Give two ways to prevent the spread of HIV.
1. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(f)      Some people with a HIV infection develop AIDS.
Some people with AIDS may die from a different type of infection, such as a chest infection.
Why do people with AIDS die from a different type of infection?
Tick (✓) one box.
 
HIV damages the immune system.		
Pathogens enter the body more easily.		
People with AIDS are immune to HIV.		
(1)
(Total 14 marks)
Q3.
New drugs are tested before they can be licensed for use with patients.
Figure 1 shows how much time the different stages of testing took for one new drug.
Figure 1

(a)     Preclinical testing is done in a laboratory.
What is the drug tested on in a laboratory?
Give one example.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(b)     How many years did the clinical trials take for the drug in Figure 1?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Time for clinical trials = _______________ years
(1)
(c)     During Phase 1 clinical trials, the drug is tested on healthy volunteers using low doses.
What is the main purpose of Phase 1 testing?
Tick (✓) one box.
 
To find the best dose to use.		
To see if the drug is safe to use.		
To see if the drug works.		
(1)
During clinical trials, half of the patients are given a placebo in a double blind trial.
(d)     What is a placebo?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(e)     Who knows which patients are given the placebo and which patients are given the drug in a double blind trial?
Tick (✓) one box.
 
Not the patients or the doctors		
The patients and the doctors		
The patients but not the doctors		
(1)
Paracetamol and ibuprofen are two medicines used to reduce a high body temperature.
Doctors investigated which medicine was more effective at reducing high body temperature in 200 children who were ill.
The children were put into two groups, which were matched for:
•        age
•        gender
•        body mass.
Each group had 100 children.
This is the method used.
1.   Measure the body temperature of each child before any medicine is given.
2.   Give children in Group 1 paracetamol.
3.   Give children in Group 2 ibuprofen.
4.   Measure the body temperature of each child every hour after the medicine is given.
(f)      Give two control variables in this investigation.
1. _________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
(2)
(g)     None of the children was given a placebo.
Suggest one reason why.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
Figure 2 shows the results.
Figure 2

(h)     What was the mean body temperature after 6 hours for the children given ibuprofen?
Mean body temperature = _______________ °C
(1)
(i)     The doctors concluded that children with a high body temperature should be given ibuprofen and not paracetamol.
Give two reasons for the doctors’ conclusion.
Use Figure 2.
1. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
Q4.
This question is about disease.
Rose black spot is a disease where black spots develop on the leaves of rose plants.
(a)  What type of pathogen causes rose black spot disease?
Tick (✓) one box.
 
Bacterium		
Fungus		
Protist		
Virus		
(1)
(b)  Plants with rose black spot disease often have yellow leaves.
Suggest one reason why the leaves are yellow instead of green.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(c)  Explain why plants with yellow leaves grow slowly.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(d)  The spread of rose black spot can be controlled using different methods.
Draw one line from each method of control to the explanation of how it works.
 
Method of control	 	Explanation	
 	
 	 	Creates a barrier to the movement of pathogens	
Remove and burn infected leaves	 	 	
 	 	Pathogens are killed	
 	 	 	
 	 	Reduces the chance of pathogens being spread by water droplets	
Water the roots of the plant only, not the leaves	 	 	
 	 	Reduces the temperature so pathogens reproduce less	
(2)
(e)  Tobacco plants may become infected with a pathogen called TMV.
What type of pathogen is TMV?
Tick (✓) one box.
 
Bacterium		
Fungus		
Protist		
Virus		
(1)
Malaria is a disease caused by a protist.
(f)  How is the malaria pathogen transferred to humans?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(g)  How can the spread of malaria pathogens be reduced?
Tick (✓) one box.
 
Avoid sexual contact		
Cook food thoroughly		
Drain water from swamps		
Use a tissue when sneezing		
(1)
(Total 9 marks)
Q5.
Malaria is a disease transmitted by mosquitos.
The graph shows information about the number of deaths from malaria.
 
(a)  Calculate the decrease in the number of deaths between 2000 and 2015.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Decrease in number of deaths = ____________________
(2)
(b)  Which time period shows the greatest decrease in the number of deaths?
Tick (✓) one box.
 
2000 to 2005		
2005 to 2010		
2010 to 2015		
(1)
(c)  A student looked at the graph above and concluded that there were 800 000 deaths from malaria in 2002.
Suggest one reason why this conclusion might not be correct.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(d)  What type of pathogen causes malaria?
Tick (✓) one box.
 
Bacterium		
Fungus		
Protist		
Virus		
(1)
(e)  Scientists are developing a vaccine against malaria.
Suggest how a vaccine against malaria could reduce the spread of the disease.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(f)   Give one way of controlling the spread of malaria.
Do not refer to a vaccine in your answer.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
Q6.
Pathogens cause infectious diseases in animals and plants.
(a)     Draw one line from each disease to the type of pathogen that causes the disease.
 
Disease	 	Type of pathogen	
 	 	Bacterium	
Gonorrhoea	 	 	
 	 	Fungus	
Malaria	 	 	
 	 	Protist	
Measles	 	 	
 	 	Virus	
(3)
(b)     Some parts of the human body have adaptations to reduce the entry of live pathogens.
Look at Figure 1.
Figure 1
 
Explain how the trachea is adapted to reduce the entry of live pathogens.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(c)     Malaria is a serious disease that can be fatal.
Malaria is spread to humans by infected mosquitoes.
Scientists investigated the behaviour of mosquitoes to understand how the spread of malaria could be controlled.
Figure 2 shows the equipment the scientists used.
Figure 2
 
This is the method used.
1.       30 mosquitoes infected with malaria were placed in Container A.
2.       30 uninfected mosquitoes were placed in Container B.
3.       The total number of times the mosquitoes landed on the socks was recorded.
Name the dependent variable and suggest one control variable in this investigation.
Dependent variable ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Control variable ______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(d)     Infected mosquitoes landed on the socks three times more often than uninfected mosquitoes.
Explain how this information can be used to reduce the spread of malaria.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(e)     Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) affects many species of plant.
Figure 3 shows a leaf infected with TMV.
Figure 3
 
© Nigel Cattlin/Getty Images
TMV destroys chloroplasts in the leaf.
Explain how this could affect the growth of the plant.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 14 marks)
Q7.
Antibiotics are used to kill some types of pathogen.
(a)     Which illness could be treated with an antibiotic?
Tick one box.
 
AIDS		
Measles		
Salmonella		
Type 2 diabetes		
(1)
Alexander Fleming discovered the antibiotic penicillin.
He noticed that one of his Petri dishes containing bacteria had become contaminated with a fungus.
The diagram shows the Petri dish.

(b)     Read the information about the discovery of penicillin.
Draw one line from each piece of information to its description.
 
Information	 	Description	
 	 	Conclusion	
Fleming noticed that there were only a few bacterial colonies growing near the fungus.	 	 	
 	 	Hypothesis	
Fleming thought the fungus must have produced a chemical (penicillin) that killed the bacteria around it.	 	 	
 	 	Investigation	
He injected 8 mice with bacteria and gave 4 of these mice an injection of penicillin.	 	 	
 	 	Observation	
The 4 mice injected with penicillin survived. The 4 mice not given penicillin died.	 	 	
 	 	Result	
(4)
(c)     Look at the diagram of the petri dish. 
The greater the distance from the fungus the more bacteria grew.
Suggest one reason for this.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(d)     Give two reasons why Fleming’s discovery was important.
1. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Mark schemes
Q1.
(a)  penicillin
1
(b)  any one from:
•   (yellow / green / white / beige) discharge from vagina / penis
ignore colour of urine
allow yellow / green / white / beige discharge
•   pain on urinating
ignore pain unqualified
allow pain in abdomen
allow pain in testes
allow inflammation of foreskin
allow bleeding between periods
allow bleeding after sex
allow fever / nausea / vomiting
1
(c)  any two from:
•   concentration (of antibiotic)
•   type of disc
allow same type of (filter) paper
•   size of disc
•   temperature or kept at 25 °C
•   time or kept for 3 days
allow use sterile Petri dish or use sterile agar
2
(d)  B
1
(e)  C
1
(f)  A
1
(g)  any one from:
•   antibiotics do not destroy viruses
allow antibiotics do not kill viruses
allow antibiotics only kill bacteria
allow HIV is a virus
allow HIV is not a bacterium
•   viruses are inside cells
allow idea that it is difficult to get the antibiotic to the virus
1
(h)  any one from:
•   disinfect / sterilise tools / scissors / files
allow put tools / scissors / files in fungicide
allow washing / cleaning tools
•   use a new file for each customer
allow use a new tool / scissors for each customer
•   do not treat people with a fungal nail infection
•   disinfect hands between customers
•   use new gloves for each customer
ignore gloves / PPE unqualified
allow wear masks
1
(i)  any one from:
allow converse statements
•   feet are washed less
•   feet are in (more) moist conditions
allow idea that less air gets to feet
allow idea that feet are wetter / warmer (inside socks)
•   feet are (often) warmer
allow idea of (bare) feet in contact with the floor
allow idea of sharing footwear
1
[10]
Q2.
(a)  extra line(s) from a disease negates that mark
1

1
(b)  any two from:
•   skin (acts as a barrier)
ignore references to the immune response
•   *mucus in trachea / bronchi
allow mucus in airways
•   *mucus in nose
•   *allow mucus unqualified if neither idea given
•   cilia (in trachea / bronchi / respiratory tract)
ignore references to hairs
•   (hydrochloric) acid in stomach
allow scab forms (if you cut yourself)
allow tears
2
(c)  Level 2: Scientifically relevant facts, events or processes are identified and given in detail to form an accurate account.
4−6
Level 1: Facts, events or processes are identified and simply stated but their relevance is not clear.
1−3
No relevant content
0
Indicative content
•   white blood cells
•   detect / identify foreign antigens / cells / pathogens / bacteria
•   destroy / kill invading cells
•   phagocytes
•   engulf invading cells
•   digest / kill invading cells
•   produce antibodies
•   (antibodies) attach to invading cells
•   (antibodies) destroy / kill invading cells
•   (antibodies) make invading cells clump together
•   (so) phagocytes can engulf more cells / pathogens / bacteria
•   produce antitoxins
•   to destroy toxins
•   (so) less tissue damage
•   (therefore) don’t feel as ill
•   produce memory cells
•   (so) immune response (to later exposure) is faster
A description of the ways that white blood cells act is needed for Level 2.
(d)  any one from:
•   HIV is a virus
allow HIV is not a bacterium
•   antibiotics do not kill viruses
•   antibiotics (are used to) kill bacteria
1
(e)  any two from:
•   avoid sexual intercourse
ignore handwashing
ignore social distancing
•   use a condom
allow practise safe sex
ignore use protection unqualified
ignore use contraception unqualified
•   do not share needles
•   use antiretroviral drugs
ignore use medication unqualified
•   screen blood used for transfusions
allow have regular checks / tests to see if you have HIV
if no other marks awarded allow 1 mark for do not exchange body fluids
2
(f)  HIV damages the immune system
1
[14]
Q3.
(a)  any one from:
•   (live) cells
•   (live) tissues
•   (live) animals
allow examples , eg mice / rats
1
(b)  7 / seven (years)
1
(c)  to see if the drug is safe to use
1
(d)  tablet that does not contain the drug / active ingredient
allow a sugar pill
allow a fake drug
1
(e)  not the patients or the doctors
1
(f)  any two from:
•   age
•   gender
•   body mass
•   number of children (in group)
or
100 in group
•   time (after taking medicine) when temperature was measured
allow all (children had a) high body temperature (at the start)
allow dose of drug / medicine
ignore temperature unqualified
2
(g)  any one from:
•   unethical not to treat ill children
•   children were ill so had to be treated
•   children may become more ill if no drug given
1
(h)  37.4 (°C)
1
(i)  any two from:
•   reduced (body) temperature faster
allow converse arguments
•   decreased (body) temperature more
•   reduced (body) temperature to normal / 37 °C
allow paracetamol did not reduce (body) temperature to normal
•   maintained normal (body) temperature / 37 °C for longer or for several hours
2
[11]
Q4.
(a)  fungus
1
(b)  less / no chlorophyll
or
chlorophyll has been broken down
allow reference to chloroplasts for chlorophyll
1
(c)  less photosynthesis
or
less light absorbed
1
(so) less glucose / sugar formed
1
or
less light absorbed (1)
(so) less photosynthesis (1)
(d)
 
extra line from a box negates that box
2
(e)  virus
1
(f)  by mosquito bites
allow by mosquitos
1
(g)  drain water from swamps
1
[9]
Q5.
(a)
an answer of 400 000 scores 2 marks
840 000 − 440 000
allow tolerance of +/- half a small square
allow 840 − 440 = 400
1
400 000
1
(b)  2005 to 2010
1
(c)  any one from:
•   data not collected (for 2002)
•   only shows a trend line
•   not all deaths reported / recorded
allow no data plotted for 2002
1
(d)  protist
1
(e)  makes people immune
or
they do not develop the disease
allow ecf from part (d)
allow correct description of immunity
1
(so) fewer (infected) people to pass pathogen on (to mosquitos)
allow idea of disrupting life cycle of parasite
1
(f)   any one from:
•   (mosquito) nets / long clothing
•   prevent mosquitos breeding
•   insect repellents
•   anti-malarial tablets
•   kill mosquitos
allow specific method e.g. drain swamps, release GM mosquitos
allow DEET / mosquito band
allow names e.g. Larium / Malarone
allow antibiotics
1
[8]
Q6.
(a)     
 
3
(b)     (trachea) has mucus
1
to trap pathogens
1
(trachea) has cilia
1
to move mucus out of trachea
1
(c)     dependent variable:
number of times mosquitoes landed on socks
1
control variable:
any one from:
•        number of mosquitoes in each container
•        length of time socks worn
•        dampness of socks
•        same type of socks
•        size of container
•        time
•        temperature
•        species of mosquito
•        age of mosquito
1
(d)     use worn socks
or
use chemical from worn socks
1
to attract / trap infected mosquitoes
1
or accept:
wear clean socks / change socks regularly (1)
to reduce the chance of attracting mosquitoes (1)
(e)     less chlorophyll present
1
(so) less light absorbed
1
(so) reduced photosynthesis
or
(so) less sugar / food made
1
[14]
Q7.
(a)     salmonella
1
(b)

1
1
1
1
(c)     lower concentration of antibiotic / chemical further from the fungus
allow less antibiotic / chemical further from the fungus
1
(d)     lead to mass production of antibiotics
or
lead to development of other antibiotics
1
reduced infection by bacteria
or
antibiotics have saved many lives
1
[8]